What are the two primary effects that the flow of heat has on a substance?

The two primary effects that the flow of heat has on a substance are encompassed by the concepts of sensible and latent heat. Sensible heat refers to the heat that causes a change in temperature of a substance without changing its state. When heat is added to a substance, such as heating water, you notice a temperature increase, which is the manifestation of sensible heat.

On the other hand, latent heat is the heat energy that causes a change in the state of a substance (for example, from solid to liquid or liquid to gas) without a change in temperature. When ice melts to water, it absorbs heat, but its temperature remains constant during the phase change. Thus, understanding both sensible and latent heat is crucial to comprehending how heat flow impacts a material's behavior in terms of temperature and state change.

The other options do not represent the primary effects involved with heat flow in this specific context. Conduction and convection are modes of heat transfer and not direct effects of heat flow on a substance. Thermal and mechanical energy refer to different energy forms rather than the particular effects of heat flow. Similarly, while radiation is a method of heat transfer, it does not specifically delineate the primary effects of heat on a substance like sensible and latent heat do.